Inhibin Alpha Expression in Human Tumors: A Tissue Microarray Study on 12,212 Tumors.

As a result of its expression in corresponding normal cell types, inhibin alpha (INHA) is used as an immunohistochemical marker for adrenocortical neoplasms and testicular or ovarian sex cord stromal tumors. However, other tumors can also express INHA. To comprehensively determine INHA expression in cancer, a tissue microarray containing 15,012 samples from 134 different tumor types and subtypes was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. INHA positivity was found in 72 of 134 tumor categories, including 26 categories with ≥1 strongly positive case. A moderate to strong INHA positivity was found in 100% of 37 granulosa cell tumors of the ovary, 100% of 43 other sex cord stromal tumors of the ovary/testis, 100% of 31 granular cell tumors, 78.5% of 28 adenomas, 44% of 25 carcinomas of the adrenal cortex, and 46.7% of 15 pancreatic acinar cell carcinomas. At least a weak INHA positivity was seen in <33% of cases of 46 additional tumor entities. In summary, these data support the use of INHA antibodies for detecting sex cord stromal tumors, granular cell tumors, and adrenocortical neoplasms. Since INHA can also be found in other tumor entities, INHA immunohistochemistry should only be considered as a part of any panel for the distinction of tumor entities.

A shift from membranous and stromal syndecan-1 (CD138) expression to cytoplasmic CD138 expression is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer.

Syndecan-1 (CD138) is a transmembrane proteoglycan expressed in normal and malignant tissues. It is of interest because of a possible prognostic effect in tumors and as a target for Indatuximab, a monoclonal antibody coupled to a cytotoxic agent. To assess the prognostic role of CD138 expression in breast cancer (BCa), a tissue microarray containing 1535 BCa specimens was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Cytoplasmic, membranous, and stromal CD138 staining was separately analyzed. In normal breast tissue, CD138 staining was limited to epithelial cell membranes. In cancers, membranous staining tended to become weaker or even disappeared (38.3% of cancers with absence of membranous staining) but cytoplasmic and stromal staining newly appeared in 29.7% and 58.1% of cancers. Loss of membranous epithelial CD138 staining as well as presence of cytoplasmic and stromal CD138 positivity were-to a variable degree-associated with high pT, high grade, nodal metastasis, estrogen receptor-negative, progesterone receptor-negative, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2+, and poor overall patient survival. A combined analysis of epithelial and stromal CD138 expression revealed a link to overall patient survival (P < .0001) with best prognosis for patients with stromal positivity and absence of cytoplasmic staining, the worst prognosis for cancers with cytoplasmic staining and stromal negativity and intermediate prognosis for patients having either cytoplasmic staining or stromal negativity. In multivariate analyses, CD138 was not independent of established prognostic features. In summary, these data reveal a compartment depending prognostic effect of CD138 expression in BCa with cytoplasmic positivity being linked to aggressive cancer and stromal CD138 being linked to a more favorable prognosis.

Prevalence of Syndecan-1 (CD138) Expression in Different Kinds of Human Tumors and Normal Tissues.

Syndecan-1 (CD138) is a transmembrane proteoglycan known to be expressed in various normal and malignant tissues. It is of interest because of a possible prognostic role of differential expression in tumors and its role as a target for indatuximab, a monoclonal antibody coupled with a cytotoxic agent. To comprehensively analyze CD138 in normal and neoplastic tissues, we used tissue microarrays (TMAs) for analyzing immunohistochemically detectable CD138 expression in 2,518 tissue samples from 85 different tumor entities and 76 different normal tissue types. The data showed that CD138 expression is abundant in tumors. At least an occasional weak CD138 immunostaining could be detected in 71 of 82 (87%) different tumor types, and 58 entities (71%) had at least one tumor with a strong positivity. In normal tissues, a particularly strong expression was found in normal squamous epithelium of various organs, goblet and columnar cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and in hepatocytes. The highly standardized analysis of most human cancer types resulted in a ranking order of tumors according to the frequency and levels of CD138 expression. CD138 immunostaining was highest in squamous cell carcinomas such as from the esophagus (100%), cervix uteri (79.5%), lung (85.7%), vagina (89.7%) or vulva (73.3%), and in invasive urothelial cancer (76.2%). In adenocarcinomas, CD138 was also high in lung (82.9%) and colorectal cancer (85.3%) but often lower in pancreas (73.3%), stomach (54.2% in intestinal type), or prostate carcinomas (16.3%). CD138 expression was usually low or absent in germ cell tumors, sarcomas, endocrine tumors including thyroid cancer, and neuroendocrine tumors. In summary, the preferential expression in squamous cell carcinomas of various sites makes these cancers prime targets for anti-CD138 treatments once these might become available. Abundant expression in many different normal tissues might pose obstacles to exploiting CD138 as a therapeutic target, however.

Integrating Tertiary Gleason 5 Patterns into Quantitative Gleason Grading in Prostate Biopsies and Prostatectomy Specimens.

BACKGROUND: Presence of small (tertiary) Gleason 5 pattern is linked to a higher risk of biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer. It is unclear, however, how to integrate small Gleason 5 elements into clinically relevant Gleason grade groups. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prognostic impact of Gleason 5 patterns in prostate cancer and to develop a method for integrating tertiary Gleason 5 patterns into a quantitative Gleason grading system. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prostatectomy specimens from 13 261 consecutive patients and of 3295 matched preoperative biopsies were available. Percentages of Gleason 3, 4, and 5 had been recorded for each cancer. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Our data demonstrate that minimal Gleason 5 areas have strong prognostic impact in Gleason 7 carcinomas, while further expansion of the Gleason 5 pattern population has less impact. We thus defined an integrated quantitative Gleason score (IQ-Gleason) by adding a lump score of 10 to the percentage of unfavorable Gleason pattern (Gleason 4/5) if any Gleason 5 was present and by adding another 7.5 points in case of a Gleason 5 fraction >20%. There was a continuous increase of the risk of prostate-specific antigen recurrence with increasing IQ-Gleason. This was also true for subgroups with identical Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment Postsurgical scores (p<0.0001) or Gleason grade groups (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The IQ-Gleason represents a simple and efficient approach for combining both quantitative Gleason grading and tertiary Gleason grades in one highly prognostic numerical variable. PATIENT SUMMARY: Prostatectomy specimens (13 261) were analyzed to estimate the relevance of small Gleason 5 elements in prostate cancers. Even the smallest Gleason 5 areas markedly increased the risk of prostate-specific antigen recurrence after surgery. Larger fractions of Gleason 5 patterns had less further impact on prognosis. Based on this, a numerical Gleason score (integrated quantitative Gleason score) was defined by the percentages of Gleason 4 and 5 patterns, enabling a refined estimate of patient prognosis.